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Resistant maltodextrin (MetaFibre®)
Yeast extract (EpiCor®)
Dietary fibre intake is linked to a range of health benefits, and increasing its consumption reduces chronic disease burden and management-related costs.[1],[2] MetaFibre® contains resistant maltodextrin (RMD), which has been shown to enhance the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota[3] and support the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate, which is associated with protective benefits within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).[4] Further, RMD enhances metabolic control by moderating the effects of refined carbohydrates and dietary fat on blood glucose, insulin activity and cholesterol.[5],[6]
EpiCor®, a yeast extract derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fosters immune resilience by increasing secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production by the mucosal epithelium.[7] Collectively, the functions of MetaFibre® and EpiCor® promote digestive health, immune function and metabolic control (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Therapeutic benefits of resistant maltodextrin (MetaFibre®) and yeast extract (EpiCor®).[8],[9],[10],[11],[12]
Dietary fibre refers to a broad category of non-digestible carbohydrates that are resistant to intestinal absorption and are fermented by colonic microbiota.[13],[14] The physiological effects of a particular fibre vary based on its solubility in water (i.e. soluble or insoluble), its water-holding capacity (i.e. viscosity) and its degree of fermentability by intestinal bacteria (i.e. partial or complete).[15] In humans, fibre is a central component of a healthy diet and promotes regular bowel movement, reduces disease risk and supports healthy ageing.[16] Adequate intake (AI) of fibre as defined by the National Health and Medical and Research Council (NHMRC) is 25 g/d in women, 30 g/d in men, and ranges from 14 to 28 g/d in children.[17] However, the results of the 2011-2013 Australian National Nutritional Survey revealed that more than 70% of adults and 50% of children do not meet the AI.[18]
A multitude of health-promoting effects has been associated with fibre intake. For instance, greater dietary consumption has been shown to benefit gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), duodenal ulcers, diverticulitis, constipation, haemorrhoids and immune function.[19] Additionally, greater fibre intake lowers blood pressure and serum cholesterol, improves insulin sensitivity and enhances weight loss in obesity.[20]
Increasing dietary fibre intake is also highly protective against several diseases. For example, in a 2014 meta-analysis, an additional 7 g/d to 10 g/d of fibre was associated with a 9% decrease in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and an equivalent decrease in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), as well as a 10% decrease in colorectal cancer.[21] Moreover, individuals with a mean fibre intake of 26.9 g/d had a 23% lower risk of all-cause mortality, compared with study participants consuming a low amount of fibre (averaging 15 g/d).[22] Further, according to economic estimates, if the Australian population increased its fibre intake with the aid of supplementation, savings of between $17.8 million and $1.7 billion in CVD and T2DM management costs would be achieved.[23] Together, these findings highlight the vital role of fibre in health and disease prevention.
MetaFibre® (RMD) is produced through the hydrolysis of cornstarch from non-genetically modified corn, resulting in a soluble, non-viscous fibre that dissolves rapidly in water.[24] Research indicates that RMD enhances bowel health by bulking the stool, maintaining defecation regularity, and promoting beneficial bacterial growth via its prebiotic qualities.[25],[26] In humans, MetaFibre® increases the growth of bifidobacteria[27],[28] alongside a diverse range of species that catabolise RMD to produce SCFAs, including butyrate and acetate.[29] This, in turn, lowers colonic pH, encourages the growth of beneficial bacteria and maintains mucosal barrier integrity, amongst other functions (Figure 2).[30] As inadequate fibre intake significantly impairs SCFA production, MetaFibre® can be used to support this important process.[31]
Figure 2: Functional role of SCFA within the digestive tract.[32],[33]
In the same vein, EpiCor®, a fermentation product derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, containing cell fragments and active metabolites, also modulates the intestinal microbiota, the luminal environment, and SCFA production.[34],[35] Beyond enhancing microbial composition, EpiCor® also exerts immunomodulatory actions upon gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which is considered to represent 70% of the body’s immune system.[36] Therefore, a combination of MetaFibre® RMD and EpiCor® facilitates protective mechanisms within the gut, which favourably influence digestive, immune function and cardiometabolic function.
MetaFibre® has been demonstrated to dose-dependently increase total bacterial numbers within the GIT (p<0.02).[37] Specifically, RMD was found to boost operational taxonomic units (OTU)[*] of commensal bacteria including ruminococcus, eubacterium, lachnospiraceae, bacteroides, and faecalibacterium, in addition to various other unidentified species.[38] Moreover, RMD has been shown to increase bifidobacteria levels by up to 80% based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing (p<0.03).[39] Reduced bifidobacterium populations have been linked to a number of conditions, including diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome and allergies.[40] As such, RMD may increase species diversity and therefore improve GIT microbial composition.
Evidence also indicates that EpiCor® increases bacterial diversity and key commensal species, including lactobacilli and roseburia, as demonstrated within an in vitro simulated model of the human digestive tract.[41] Additionally, an increase in Akkermansia muciniphila has also been observed (p<0.05)[42]; associated with greater bacterial diversity and improved microbial composition.[43] These findings highlight the prebiotic and microbiota-enhancing actions of MetaFibre® and EpiCor®.
The colonic mucosa provides a defensive barrier between the gut and its luminal contents, with loss of this barrier having been linked to disease exacerbation and progression.[44] SCFAs play an important role in preserving epithelial integrity. Specifically, butyrate is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, which metabolise 70% to 90% of butyrate produced within the GIT into energy. Adequate SCFA production therefore supports colonocyte health and promotes a robust colonic mucosal barrier.[45],[46] Research indicates that butyrate supports the development of colonic epithelial cells, suppresses epithelial proliferation and enhances tight junction adherence between enterocytes,[47] which can protect against colonic tumorigenesis and the development of intestinal hyperpermeability.[48] Further, butyrate directly stimulates intestinal epithelial barrier formation by the activation of epithelial receptors (interleukin-10 receptor α-subunit), which represses permeability-promoting claudin-2 tight junction protein expression. Therefore, adequate butyrate availability is a key factor in maintaining intestinal epithelial integrity.[49]
MetaFibre® has been shown to increase butyrate-producing phyla, including eubacterium and faecalibacterium.[50] These phyla are associated with improved tight junction adherence, and stimulate luminal mucin secretion (which acts as a protective layer and limits epithelial contact with inflammatory agents).[51] Human data indicates that butyrate concentrations increase after RMD supplementation (p<0.05).[52] Comparably, EpiCor® was demonstrated to increase Anaerostipes, a genus containing butyrate-producing bacteria within the human GIT. In addition to this, when compared to other prebiotic compounds within an in vitro simulated model of the digestive tract, 5 g of EpiCor® produced a greater increase in butyrate levels compared to the same dose of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) (Figure 3).[53] As such, by enhancing butyrate production, MetaFibre® and EpiCor® promote the maintenance of a healthy mucosal barrier.
Figure 3: Butyrate-enhancing effects of EpiCor® compared to inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), all at a 5 g dose.[54]
sIgA is a key player in the mucosal immune response within the GIT and the respiratory tract, functioning as the first line of defence against the external environment.[55],[56] In a process known as immune exclusion, sIgA clears pathogenic microorganisms and other antigens from the luminal environment. It does so by blocking access to epithelial receptors (preventing pathogenic adherence to the mucosal lining), entrapping pathogens in mucosal secretions, and promoting their removal via peristalsis (in the gut) or mucociliary clearance (in the respiratory tract).[57] At the same time, sIgA moderates pro-inflammatory mediators associated with highly pathogenic bacteria and some allergenic antigens, minimising mucosal inflammation and thereby maintaining barrier integrity (Figure 4).[58],[59] Importantly, sIgA also regulates immune tolerance to benign antigens, such as food antigens and commensal flora,[60] contributing to a protective yet tolerant mucosal immune response to a range of stimuli.
Figure 4: Within the GIT, sIgA lowers the inflammatory response via inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation, prompts immune activity via M cells within GALT, and increases mucus secretion and biofilm formation in defence against pathogens.[61]
Improvements in salivary sIgA levels have been observed in several human studies as a result of EpiCor® treatment (p<0.05),[62],[63] revealing its beneficial actions on mucosal immunity.
Further, EpiCor® has been demonstrated to enhance immune surveillance by its effects on natural killer (NK) cells. Specifically, within two hours of consumption, EpiCor® led to an increase in NK cell activation in humans (p<0.05) signifying greater immune screening against viral pathogens.[64] Supporting the mucosal immune response therefore promotes resistance to infection.
Within the GIT, MetaFibre® limits the absorption of dietary lipids, and consequently reduces elevations in postprandial cholesterol levels due to high fat intake (p<0.05).[65] Research confirms this effect occurs when the intake of dietary fat and RMD is at a 10:1 ratio. MetaFibre® moderates increases in blood triglycerides by inhibiting chylomicrons that facilitate dietary fat absorption and transport.[66] Unlike gel-forming soluble fibre, such as pectin and psyllium, which delay the digestion and absorption of nutrients alongside dietary fat due to their viscosity, RMD reduces fat absorption without altering nutritional uptake.[67]
Beyond its cholesterol-modifying effects, MetaFibre® also benefits cardiometabolic health by lowering the glycaemic response to refined carbohydrates, with improvements shown to be dose-dependent and clinically significant when RMD is mixed directly into meals and beverages (p<0.001).[68] Data from animal studies indicates that RMD promotes glycaemic control by stimulating the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a gastrointestinal hormone produced by enteroendocrine L cells, which enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion.[69] Animals consuming a diet enriched with 5% RMD produced high levels of fasting GLP-1 (p<0.05), lower insulin levels (p<0.011) and significantly decreased blood glucose within one hour of ingestion (p<0.05), compared to controls.[70] Together, these data support the use of MetaFibre® in promoting healthy glycaemic control by stabilising blood glucose in response to carbohydrate intake.
Dietary fibre alters faecal consistency and improves faecal bulk, intestinal transit time and motility, making it an important strategy for preventing and reducing constipation. In a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 66 healthy adults who experienced slow colonic transit time (<1 bowel motion daily) received either 15 g/d of MetaFibre® or placebo over three weeks.[71] Participants were assessed for changes in colonic transit time (CCT) via a single abdominal X-ray after ingesting radiopaque markers for five consecutive days. By visualising the location of the markers within the intestines, researchers estimated CTT over five days. This method was carried out at baseline and repeated at the end of the study, to assess for changes in CTT. Researchers also collected self-reported data on faecal characteristics based on a standardised Bristol Stool Chart scale, stool frequency and dietary fibre intake. The RMD group experienced a statistically significant reduction in CTT of 13.3 hours (53.0±23.9 at baseline vs. 39.7±22.3 after treatment, p<0.01; Figure 5), in addition to enhanced stool consistency (p<0.05), and a 56% increase in stool volume (p<0.014), compared to the control group.[72]
Figure 5: Resistant maltodextrin (15 g/d) leads to a favourable reduction in intestinal transit time.[73]
EpiCor® has also been associated with healthier bowel function and reduced digestive symptoms in patients with constipation. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 80 patients reporting reduced bowel movements (>1 and ≤5 weekly) as well as bloating and distension, flatulence, rumbling and/or abdominal discomfort, were divided into two groups based on the severity of their symptoms (i.e. ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’).[74] Participants within each group were randomised to receive either EpiCor® (500 mg/d) or placebo over six weeks. In both subgroups, active treatment led to a significant improvement in stool consistency after two weeks (p<0.023), and near-significant trends in stool frequency (p<0.09) after two and four weeks. Further, EpiCor® was associated with positive effects on daily digestive symptoms after two weeks, including bloating (p<0.033), feelings of fullness (p<0.004) and general GIT discomfort (p<0.046) in the moderate symptom subgroup. Statistically significant improvement in GIT symptoms were not observed within the severe subgroup. Interestingly, EpiCor® treatment also increased the numbers of bacteroidetes relative to firmicutes phyla, which has been linked with slow intestinal transit time.[75] As such, the prebiotic effects of EpiCor® may assist constipation through the modulation of bacterial composition, thereby improving bowel health and digestive dysfunction.
EpiCor® has been shown to modulate the immune response of individuals suffering from allergic rhinitis. In a randomised, controlled trial conducted over 12 weeks, 96 participants received either 500 mg/d of yeast extract or placebo during peak pollen season, and were assessed using in-clinic examination, symptom diaries and validated symptom questionnaires at baseline, six weeks, and at the end of the study.[76] In patients receiving yeast extract, significant reductions in nasal congestion symptoms (p<0.04) and rhinorrhea (p<0.005) were experienced, as well as a reduced occurrence of nasal congestion over the season (p<0.04). In addition, patients reported a significant improvement in quality of life scores (p<0.03). Treatment outcomes were linked with increased sIgA (p<0.03), indicating the therapeutic benefits of EpiCor® in supporting a tolerogenic immune response.[77]
The immunomodulatory effects of EpiCor® have been shown to reduce the incidence of cold and flu-like symptoms in individuals who forgo influenza vaccinations.[78] One hundred and sixteen subjects receiving either 500 mg/d of the yeast extract or placebo over 12 weeks were monitored by self-reported symptom diaries, as well as pathology testing to determine the effects of EpiCor® on immune function. Results indicated that the intervention significantly decreased the incidence of 10 cold and flu-like symptoms, including headache, fatigue, nasal stuffiness, sore throat, cough, hoarseness, chest discomfort, chills, and fever, compared to placebo (p<0.01). Based on these findings, EpiCor® may benefit immune surveillance and thus lower the incidence of viral infection.[79]
In a healthy state, metabolic control is mediated by insulin, which binds to insulin receptors and generates a cascade of signals that promote the uptake and metabolism of glucose via glucose transporters.[80] Metabolic dysfunction is characterised by reduced sensitivity to insulin, also known as insulin resistance, resulting in ineffective glucose clearance from the bloodstream and increased serum free fatty acids (FFAs) released from adipose tissue.[81] Chronic elevation of both glucose and FFAs causes hyperinsulinaemia and pancreatic β-cell failure,[82] which can lead to serious metabolic conditions, such as T2DM.
MetaFibre® has been demonstrated to improve glycaemic control in a large number of human clinical trials.[83],[84] In a systematic review of 37 studies, dosages between 4 and 6 g/d of RMD mixed into food and beverages lowered the effects of refined carbohydrates[†] on blood glucose.[85] For at least two hours after ingestion, RMD reduced postprandial blood glucose and insulin by 10% to 20% (p<0.001), reducing hyperglycaemic patterns related to dietary carbohydrate intake.
Further to this, RMD was found to reduce the absorption of lipids within a high fat meal, thereby limiting the effect of excess fat intake on metabolic function.[86],[87] In a randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 13 subjects were randomised to receive a beverage containing either 5 g or 10 g of RMD, or a placebo, which was consumed alongside a high fat meal (containing 49.5 g of fat) over 20 minutes.[88] Changes in metabolic parameters were assessed, including serum triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin, before and after consuming the energy-rich meal. In the RMD group, postprandial serum triglycerides and cholesterol were significantly reduced by both the 5 g and 10 g doses after four hours (p<0.05; Figure 6), with both doses associated with a statistically significant reduction in insulin levels after one hour (p<0.05).
Figure 6: Resistant maltodextrin (5g and 10g doses) reduces the effects of dietary fat on metabolic parameters. [89]
As such, RMD supplementation limits the glycaemic effect of refined carbohydrate intake and reduces elevations in serum triglycerides, substantiating the favourable effects of MetaFibre® on metabolic control.
Contraindications
Moderate Level Cautions
Low Level Cautions
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding
[*] OTU classifies organisms based on similar DNA sequences, and is used as a practical proxy to measure the quantity and diversity of microbes.
[†] Intakes of carbohydrates ranged between 30 g and 173 g.
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